“5 Ways We Design Our Cities to Make Them Inhospitable to Human Life (Photos) | Alternet.” N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.
The article by Allegra Kirkland discusses the five types of defensive architecture cities use to exclude certain groups of people. Kirkland talks about how cities and private spaces use defensive architecture like spikes, sprinklers, checkpoints and divided benches to exclude the poor, specifically the homeless. In addition to this, cities also use aural methods like playing unpleasant sounds to prevent people from selling or sleeping around businesses. Kirkland uses the example of the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium which played an industrial sound track to keep people from sleeping on the steps.
I chose this article because it relates with my 7th annotated bibliography which focused on the use of spikes and expands on the different methods of defensive architecture being used in cities to exclude the homeless. This source also relates to the built environment setting found here in Atlanta. Most of the methods mentioned in Kirkland’s article can be seen in use throughout Atlanta. For example, some parks and businesses in Atlanta do use split benches, sprinkler systems, checkpoints and spikes to prevent the homeless from using those areas.
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Defensive architecture reveals how urban design often prioritizes exclusion over inclusivity. From hostile benches to sound deterrents, these tactics disproportionately target vulnerable populations like the homeless. Instead of pushing people out, cities should invest in humane solutions—like accessible public spaces—that foster community for all.
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Overall, your piece sheds light on systemic inequalities embedded in our built environment. Would love to continue this conversation through research I’ve been working on that explores inclusive urban design solutions—feel free to connect if you’re interested!
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This article was eye-opening. It’s troubling to see how urban design is being used to silently push vulnerable communities away instead of addressing root issues. The example of the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium using sound deterrents was especially shocking—architecture shouldn’t be a tool for exclusion.
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