Tingyu Zhang
White Paper
Dr. Gu
October 8, 2024
- Definition:
1). What is the study of color?
The study of color is what the color is, what it means, how best or organize and display it, and particularly, the question of what makes combinations of colors pleasing (Holtzschue 125). The search for answers to these questions has produced an enormous library of writing known as color theory.
2). What is a website color scheme?
A website color scheme is a set of colors used consistently throughout a website to create a cohesive look and feel.
These colors work together to enhance readability, highlight important elements, and evoke the desired emotional response from visitors.
Considered a web design best practice, a well-chosen color scheme aligns with the website’s purpose and brand identity, making it more memorable and engaging for users.
Marketers are struggling to adapt their campaigns to a more global environment, businessmen are trying to gain more knowledge of business communication in different cultures so it makes sense that graphic designers too, create designs that appeal to a global audience.
- History:
1). Origin of the study of color
Greek philosophers were the first known writers on color, exploring its significance in the universe. They believed that beauty and harmony are rooted in mathematics, suggesting that color harmony arises naturally from mathematical order. While mathematics is precise and color is fleeting, their combination allows for a deeper understanding of this complex topic. This concept of the connection between beauty and mathematics as the foundation for color harmony has endured from ancient times to today.
Aristotle (c. 384–322 BCE), the most influential of the earliest writers on color, proposed that all colors originate from black and white from philosophical and scientific perspectives. This view was widely accepted until the eighteenth century.
Renaissance figures like Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) explored various dimensions of color, from practical pigment mixing to its philosophical and ethical significance. However, discussions on color were limited and remained a specialized topic until the eighteenth century, when Isaac Newton’s experiments brought color into the broader realm of philosophy and science.
2). Beginning of color theory
During the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, there was a renewed emphasis on rational explanations for natural phenomena, leading to the belief in universal natural laws, including those governing color. This era marked a shift in authority from religious figures to reason and scientific inquiry. Intellectuals of the time, often termed “natural philosophers,” engaged in various fields without strict boundaries, exploring the nature of beauty and color through a scientific lens.
The pursuit of a comprehensive color-order system became a central theme in color study, forming the basis for what is now known as color theory. Two key figures in this development were Isaac Newton and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
The scientific study of color theory began in the late 1790S with Newton’s creation of the first color wheel. At that time, colors were thought to be mixtures of light and dark, a view Newton challenged through his prism experiment, which revealed a spectrum of visible colors. He classified these colors into a wheel and demonstrated that secondary colors could be made by mixing primary colors. Newton’s findings continue to influence artists, designers, and scientists today. His findings, published in Opticks in 1704, laid the groundwork for modern physics and our understanding of color perception.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s ideas on color were different from Isaac Newton’s. While Newton concentrated on the physics of light and its spectrum, Goethe focused on the subjective and emotional aspects of color. He believed color involves human perception and can evoke specific feelings through contrast and interactions. Goethe proposed that colors emerge from the interplay of light and dark, identifying red, yellow, and blue as primary colors that can be mixed to create others. In Theory of Colours, he critiqued Newton’s views, advocating for a holistic approach that considers human experience and artistic implications. His work influenced later studies in art, aesthetics, and psychology by emphasizing the emotional and perceptual aspects of color.
3). Why was the color theory used in the website design？
The primary benefit of using appropriate colors in web design is that they aid users in understanding and navigating the site. Colors enhance visitors online experiences, making it easier for them to locate information and respond to Calls to Action (CTAs).
Besides, color plays a crucial role in branding and product messaging. Research indicates that color significantly influences consumers’ purchasing decisions, with a remarkable 92.6 percent of viewers prioritizing visual aspects of products.
A well-chosen color scheme can greatly impact the success of marketing campaigns. A study from the University of Loyola, Maryland, found that colors can boost brand recognition by an impressive 80 percent.
Web designers in the U.S. and China try to use different colors in different industries to achieve product success and improve brand recognition. Colors are essential in both physical and digital contexts, guiding users through websites and enhancing their experiences. Therefore, every web designer should have a strong understanding of color theory.
- Background:
1). Color Warmth
Colors can be classified as either “cool” or “warm.”
Warm colors: they contain more yellow and red, and evoke feelings of passion, happiness, and heat, but can also appear aggressive and suggest danger, making them common in alert messages.
Cool colors: dominated by blue and purple, are associated with soothing and relaxing qualities but can also imply formality or sadness.
Neutral colors: Incorporating neutral ones like white, black, and gray can create a balanced and harmonious color palette, enhancing contrast in designs.
2). Tints and Shades
You can create tints by mixing white with a color, with more white resulting in lighter tints. Conversely, adding black will create a different shade, with darker shades containing more black. By combining tints and shades of a base color, you can develop a monochromatic color scheme. However, this approach can make it more challenging to highlight important elements within the design.
3). Color Across Cultures
Humans can perceive up to ten million colors. In materials like brochures, websites, or billboards, color guides the viewer’s attention, evokes emotions, conveys meaning, and helps define a company’s identity. A single color can carry various, sometimes opposing meanings globally.
We should understand the cultural significance of color selection for graphic design. It emphasizes that designers often rely on personal preferences or industry standards, overlooking the cultural meanings attached to colors. Colors have different meanings and aesthetic appeal and should be considered for their associations within a culture or subculture. Web designers should take into account where the target website audience came from and design the color theme of websites suiting their color connotation and association.
4. Major principles/aspects:
1). Red
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes excitement, vibrancy, and life.
- Emblematic of sexiness and passion in women’s fashion (e.g., red shoes, lipstick, dresses).
- Linked to safety and rescue (e.g., fire engines, emergency equipment).
- The preferred color for red apples or meat.
- Indicates hot and spicy flavors in food.
- In academia, scarlet represents theology; crimson symbolizes journalism.
Negative Connotations:
- Associated with danger and death.
- Linked to mid-life crisis (e.g., red sports cars).
In China：(China historically dominates Southeast Asia; many regional customs trace back to Chinese origins.)
Positive Associations:
- Red is a primary color in Chinese culture, rich with numerous positive connotations, symbolizing luck, prosperity, good fortune, and joy.
- Traditional color for wedding ceremonies and dresses.
- Associated with happy occasions and Lunar New Year (e.g., red envelopes).
- Represents fire, summer, and the south.
- Feng Shui Practices: Feng Shui, along with astrology and numerology, remains popular, emphasizing harmony and balance.
Political Connotations:
- Red is inextricably linked to Communist China, often referred to as “Red China,” and associated with its government and revolution.
Red in website design
Elementor’s Portfolio kit uses an inviting tint of red, which resonates energy and confidence.
Red can be a bold statement color if you want to draw users’ immediate attention. In fact, many food and beverage companies use red to evoke feelings of hunger and desire like Burger King’s website and Haidilao Hotpot’s website.
2)Yellow
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
- Most visible color, useful for cautionary signals.
- Used for protective marine equipment and waterproof items.
- Commonly seen in taxis in American cities.
- Paired with red on roadside signage for visibility.
- Represents happiness, sun, warmth, and ripe grains.
- Linked to spontaneity, originality, and exhilaration (according to the Luscher Color Test).
Negative Connotations:
- It can be perceived as cheap due to its high visibility.
- Historically linked to quarantine and caution (e.g., yellow tape, hazardous areas).
- Synonymous with cowardice (e.g., “yellow” as a term for coward).
- Associated with biased, inflammatory news reporting (yellow journalism).
In China
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes earth, power, and royalty (historically reserved for the imperial family).
- Represents warmth, masculinity (Yang), and sunshine.
Political Connotations:
- Politically in ancient China, it was linked to imperialism and exclusivity.
Yellow in website design
Lùleka Experience has used this color particularly well, strategically adding bits of yellow to create a happy feeling on its homepage.
That being said, too much yellow can tire the eyes and even create anxiety, so it’s best to keep it as an accent color.
Souhu News uses yellow on its website primarily to attract attention.
Yellow is a bright and vibrant color that can evoke feelings of optimism and energy, making it effective for drawing users in and highlighting important news stories or updates. Yellow helps create a dynamic and engaging user experience, encouraging visitors to explore the site further.
3)．Blue
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes reliability, trustworthiness, quality, and authority.
- Commonly used by companies to convey strength and durability.
- Dark blue represents officialdom and is seen in uniforms and government symbols.
- Associated with philosophy in academia.
Negative Connotations:
- It can be perceived as cold or stiff.
- Expressions can have both high (e.g., “blue ribbon”) and low (e.g., “blue humor”) meanings.
In China
Positive Associations:
- Signifies the sky and water; associated with tranquility and positive qualities.
- Commonly used in decoration.
- Described in terms of depth (shallow or deep), suggesting calmness.
Negative Connotations:
- Considered a non-color with limited spiritual significance.
- Traditionally associated with laborers’ clothing, it is perceived as less formal or serious.
Blue in website design
Elementor’s Digital Agency kit is a classic example of blue used in a business context. It’s vibrant and energetic, and evokes trust and confidence.
Blue can also look distant and sad when pale, so it’s essential to strike a thoughtful balance with this color.
Zhihu is a Quora-type question-and-answer site and news aggregator. Zhihu uses blue on its website to convey trust, reliability, and professionalism—qualities that are important for a question-and-answer platform.
Blue helps create a calm and welcoming environment, encouraging users to engage with the content and ask questions. Additionally, the color enhances readability and facilitates navigation, making the site user-friendly. Thus, by employing blue, it aligns itself with a sense of credibility and authority, which is crucial for attracting users seeking reliable information and answers.
4)． Green
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
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- Represents money, nature, and environmentalism.
- Symbolizes health, freshness, and abundance.
- Dark green is seen as outdoorsy and masculine.
- Commonly used in highway signs and symbolizes medical studies in academia.
Negative Connotations:
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- Linked to envy, jealousy, and moral degradation.
- Paling green can suggest unpleasant associations (e.g., slime, bile).
- “Institutional Green” is often found in underfunded public spaces.
In China
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes wood, jade, and prosperity.
- Represents plants, crops, and spring.
- Associated with youth, exuberance, and enthusiasm.
- Tied to the pear, symbolizes prosperity (though has some negative connotations).
Green in website design
Elementor’s Travel kit employs beautiful, dark green elements to compliment the images of greenery.
This color is pleasant and refreshing to look at, and it’s often used for environmentally-conscious brands.
360 Security Technology Inc. is a Chinese internet security company that has developed antivirus software programs. 360 uses green on its website to symbolize safety, security, and growth—qualities that resonate well with its focus on internet security.
Green is often associated with protection and trust, making it a fitting choice for a company offering antivirus and cybersecurity solutions. Additionally, the color can evoke a sense of calmness and reassurance for users, reinforcing the idea that their online safety is a priority. This choice helps create a positive user experience and enhances the brand’s identity as a reliable security provider.
5)． Orange
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
-
- Seen in sunsets, citrus, and fall foliage.
- Used for visibility in road construction signs and safety gear.
- Recently gained popularity as a corporate color for its refreshing qualities.
Negative Connotations:
-
- Often disliked in the U.S. and associated with cheap aesthetics (e.g., plastic furniture).
- Used in prisons, connecting to historical associations with punishment.
In China
Positive Associations:
- Represents love, happiness, and good health.
- Worn by Buddhist monks, symbolizing humility and rejection of worldly things.
- Blends yellow and red, symbolizing happiness, plenitude, and immortality.
Orange in website design
As seen in Suited & Booted, using a bold orange background for your website’s navigation screen can give off a creative and adventurous vibe.
Using orange as a key player in your color scheme can result in a highly memorable site that leaves visitors with positive first impressions.
Dazhong Dianping (shortened as Dianping) is a popular review and rating app that helps users find local businesses or food in China. Dianping uses orange as the theme color on its website to convey warmth, enthusiasm, and friendliness, which are important for a platform focused on local businesses and community engagement.
Orange is an inviting color that encourages interaction and exploration, making it effective for a review and rating app. It also helps create a vibrant and energetic atmosphere, appealing to users who are looking for recommendations and experiences. Additionally, orange can evoke feelings of excitement, prompting users to try new places and share their opinions, suiting its mission to foster community connections.
6)．Gold
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
- Conveys luxury and quality, often used in high-end marketing (e.g., cosmetics, chocolate).
- Associated with opulence and grandeur when paired with black.
Negative Connotations:
- Excessive use can signal gaudiness or association with inner-city gangster culture.
- Generally, gold is used sparingly, indicating it’s too precious for frivolous decoration.
In China
Positive Associations:
- Connotes prestige, wealth, and status.
- Valued for its radiance and beauty.
- Used decoratively, particularly in accents and lettering (e.g., on business cards).
Negative Connotations:
- Less ostentatious display in Asia compared to the West, but can imply excessive opulence if overused.
Gold in website design
Goodnow Farms is the Most-Awarded Chocolate Maker in North America, from Sudbury, Massachusetts. Goodnow Farms uses gold on its website to convey a sense of luxury, quality, and excellence, aligning with its reputation as the most-awarded chocolate maker in North America.
The gold accents help to emphasize the premium nature of their artisanal chocolates, evoking feelings of indulgence and sophistication. This color choice also reflects the brand’s commitment to craftsmanship and the high standards that have earned it numerous awards. Overall, gold enhances the visual appeal of the website and reinforces the brand’s identity as a top-tier chocolate producer.
Phoenix Television is a majority state-owned television network in China. It uses a logo derived from the Yin-Yang symbol. The gold tone implies opulence and prestige and provides warm traditional meanings and associations.
7)． Black
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
- Commands respect and seriousness; associated with sophistication and formality.
- Represents power and elegance; often used in high-fashion contexts.
- Matte black suggests sturdiness, industrial quality, and sophistication.
- Gloss black is sleek, and powerful, and evokes a sense of danger or allure.
- Often perceived as sexy.
Negative Connotations:
- Linked to morbidity, despair, and negativity.
- Implies absence and void, associated with death and sin.
- Can imply malevolence or darkness.
In China
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes water, depth, truth, life, and stability.
- Associated with practicality and common in clothing.
- Used in decorative lacquers and has a strong utilitarian tradition.
Negative Connotations:
- Represents darkness, the unknown, and can imply danger or mystery.
- Associated with winter and the northern regions of China.
- Associated with death and funerals.
Black in web design
Elementor’s Photography kit employs a rich black background to emphasize the stunning imagery and create an elegant look.
Black can be tragic and mysterious, or serious and modern. It’s excellent for website backgrounds as it sets a sharp contrast with lighter typography.
Sky Cloud Memorial provides digital memorial services for relatives today in China.
Sky Cloud Memorial uses black on its website to convey a sense of solemnity, respect, and reverence, which is appropriate for a service focused on memorials.
Black is often associated with mourning and remembrance, making it a fitting choice for honoring loved ones who have passed away. This color can create a calm and reflective atmosphere, allowing visitors to engage with the content in a thoughtful manner. Additionally, black can provide a stark contrast to other colors, helping to highlight important information and services offered by the memorial platform. Overall, the use of black supports the site’s mission of providing a respectful and dignified space for memorialization.
8). White
In the U.S.
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes cleanliness, purity, elegance, and freshness.
- Represents a blank slate or new beginnings (e.g., blank paper, fresh paint).
- Preferred color in academic settings related to the arts.
Negative Connotations:
- Can be seen as cold, sterile, boring, or unfinished.
- May evoke feelings of emptiness or ghostliness.
In China
Positive Associations:
- Symbolizes purity and neutrality.
- Used in design without negative connotations when paired with text or images.
Negative Connotations:
- Color of death and mourning; used in funerals.
- Strong funerary implications for clothing, packages, and flowers.
- An overabundance of white space can hint at funerary meaning
White in web design
Jason Blackeye uses crisp white and light grey to make his portfolio projects stand out.
White can inspire new ideas as it reminds users of a blank page, so it’s not surprising it’s such a popular choice for a background color. However, too much white can also look empty and isolated.
China Funeral Website often uses white, deeply rooted in cultural significance, and it aims to provide a respectful and appropriate experience for users seeking funeral services.
Symbol of Mourning: In Chinese culture, white is traditionally associated with mourning and death like black. In contrast, in Western customs, only black is typically used for mourning.
Purity and Respect: White represents purity and respect, qualities that are significant in the context of honoring the deceased.
Clarity and Simplicity: A predominantly white design can create a calm and serene atmosphere, which is important for a sensitive topic like funerals. It helps ensure that the information is presented clearly and unobtrusively.
5. Application in digital media production:
According to “Cultural Differences in Web Design on Chinese and Western Websites: A Literature Review” and my study,
China
- Color Usage:
- Predominantly uses red and blue, along with low-saturated colors.
- Red symbolizes happiness, good fortune, and success.
- Blue represents immortality and heaven.
- Saturation:
- Chinese websites generally have low average color saturation.
- Reflects a preference for traditional or national colors.
West
- Color Usage:
- Western websites often feature more white and high-saturated colors.
Eg. A professional portfolio uses white and black to show minimalism.
- Saturation:
- Anglo-Saxon countries exhibit the highest saturation of colors.
- High saturation is used to highlight information, linked to cultural individualism.
So, high-context cultures (like China) prefer traditional colors, while low-context cultures (like those in the West) focus on high saturation.
Color combinations for websites in different industries in the U.S. and China
1). Technology
American Preferred Colors: Blue, white, gray
Examples:
Apple: Predominantly uses white and gray, with touches of blue. (In Chinese culture, web designers try not to use too much white as this means death or mourning.)
IBM: Uses blue and black for trust and reliability.
Google: Utilizes a vibrant palette, primarily blue, red, yellow, and green. It enhances brand visibility and reflects Google’s commitment to creativity and innovation.
Vibrancy and Playfulness: The bright colors create a friendly and approachable image, reflecting Google’s playful and innovative spirit.
Simplicity and Recognition: The distinct colors make the logo easily recognizable. Each color is used in a way that helps the logo stand out while remaining simple.
Cultural Significance: The colors resonate with various cultural meanings. Blue often represents trust, red can symbolize excitement, yellow denotes optimism, and green is associated with growth and balance.
Diversity and Inclusivity: The varied colors can be seen as a representation of diversity and inclusion, aligning with Google’s mission to organize information from around the world.
Technology:
Chinese Preferred Colors: red, blue, black (Chinese use more red than Americans on technology sector websites. China Red is a typical color.)
Baidu: Red, blue, and white for good fortune, accessibility, and trust (red can show the Chinese characteristics).
Red: This color is often associated with good fortune and happiness in Chinese culture. It helps convey a sense of positivity and trust.
Blue: Blue typically represents technology, reliability, and innovation. It suggests a modern and forward-thinking approach, which aligns with Baidu’s identity as a technology company.
White: White often symbolizes purity and simplicity. It contributes to a clean and straightforward design, enhancing the logo’s overall readability.
Together, these colors create a visually appealing logo that reflects Baidu’s commitment to technology and service while resonating with cultural values.
Examples:
Huawei: Utilizes black and red, emphasizing innovation and elegance.
Tencent: Uses blue for trust and professionalism.
2). Healthcare
American Preferred Colors: Blue, white (cold and neutral colors)
Examples:
Mayo Clinic: Utilizes blue and white for a clean, professional look.
Kaiser Permanente: Blue and white emphasize health and wellness.
Cleveland Clinic: Blue and green for a calming effect.
UnitedHealth Group: Blue for trust and health in the medical field.
Healthcare:
Chinese Preferred Colors: Orange, red, and green (more diverse)
Examples:
Ping An Health: Mainly uses orange for warm, welcoming, and optimistic feelings.
JD Health: Some red for urgency and trust.
Ali Health: Green and white to symbolize health.
3). Finance
American Preferred Colors: red, blue
Examples:
Wells Fargo: The combination of red and a little blue can create a balance between reliability (blue) and energy (red), appealing to customers’ emotions and fostering a connection.
Bank of America: Red is a color associated with energy and action, making it effective for buttons or notifications that encourage users to take specific steps, like applying for loans or signing up for services. Additionally, it aligns with their branding strategy, reinforcing their identity in a competitive market.
JP Morgan Chase: Blue, dark, and white for reliability.
Goldman Sachs: Predominantly blue for professionalism.
JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs use blue on their websites primarily because blue is associated with trust, reliability, and professionalism—key qualities in the financial services industry. This color conveys a sense of stability and security, which is crucial for attracting and retaining clients. Blue also promotes a calm and confident atmosphere, making users feel more at ease when navigating financial information and services
Finance:
Chinese Preferred Colors: Red, blue, green (more diverse)
Examples:
ICBC (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China): Red and gold for prosperity.
Bank of China: Red and white, symbolizing growth. Red symbolizes good fortune, happiness, and prosperity in Chinese culture. It is prominently used in their bank branding and design.
China Construction Bank: Blue is predominantly used to symbolize stability, trust, and reliability, which are essential attributes for a financial institution.
Agricultural Bank of China: Green is predominantly used to symbolize growth, agriculture, and vitality. Green reflects the bank’s focus on rural development and support for the agricultural sector.
4). E-commerce
American Preferred Colors: blue, green, black (cold and neutral colors)
Example:
Amazon: the most popular e-commerce website for the Western audience.
Western audience-oriented Amazon uses a simple layout and minimal cold colors like black, blue, and dark green, with large pictures for each product category. Navigation is made simple with visible buttons and minimal uses of links and texts.
E-commerce:
Chinese Preferred Colors: Red, orange (warm colors)
Examples:
Taobao: the most popular e-commerce site with nearly 300 million daily visitors. Taobao appears noticeably different in general formats, functions, and looks of the sites from Amazon.
At first glance, China’s Taobao appears more cluttered, with dozens of links, tabs, small icons, and layered texts. The website uses the warm color orange, yet employs flash ads in the body of its homepage. It uses orange to show it as a dynamic and engaging e-commerce platform, encouraging users to explore and shop.
From Taobao and Amazon, we can see how UX design focuses on the human at the heart of interaction. It takes into account the preference of users from each region when it comes to a website’s overall color theme, layout, functionalities, content, aesthetic, and so on.
JD.com: Red for urgency and trust, with white for clarity.
Pinduoduo: Bright colors like red and yellow for fun and engagement.
5). Education
American Preferred Colors: Blue, green, yellow
Examples:
Academia: Blue for trust and learning.
Academia is an educational website that provides free PDFs. It incorporates the dominant blue color and contrasts darker and lighter blue and a little grey to create the content hierarchy and composition. The website offers reliable content for students or researchers and the lighter blue color would be helpful to accomplish that. The cobalt blue, which is a darker blue, makes the CTA buttons look stand out.
Sribd： green, dark grey (minimalism)
As a website that provides many types of digital content for entertainment or knowledge, Scribd uses a minimal color combination. It incorporates elm green which brings a soothing effect to combine with dark grey on a white background. These colors’ composition creates a casual atmosphere and fine quality simultaneously.
PowerSchool： blue and white.
The PowerSchool website color combination is pretty simple to see, yet catchy and modern. This website offers cloud-based 12-K software for student and educator productivity. The primary color palette is lighter blue with a warmer color tone to contrast with cerise red as a color accent which is used for the CTA buttons and text link.
Education:
Chinese Preferred Colors: orange, red, and green (more contrast and diversity to attract children, teenagers or young adults)
Examples:
VIPKid: Orange for a playful yet professional look.
New Oriental Education: Red with a little green for a positive, refreshing, and professional image.
Its web design reflects the company’s core philosophy and brand culture. First, red is an auspicious color in traditional Chinese culture, symbolizing enthusiasm, vitality, and enterprising spirit. New Oriental Education is committed to inspiring students’ enthusiasm for learning and a positive attitude.
New Oriental’s web design with a background of Big Ben also reflects the company’s seriousness and professionalism in education. The overall layout shows a modern and simple style, indicating that New Oriental is a fashionable, professional, and international educational institution.
Suggestions/Recommendations:
Based on my research and experience, I would suggest certain color palettes to Western and Chinese clients as they have different color preferences.
For Westerns,
Web designers should use more minimalism to guide the color design, and use more black, white, grey, blue, or green to show professionalism. But for some special needs in some sectors like finance, it can use red to emphasize alert or Call for Action.
For Chinese:
Web designers should use warm colors like red and orange to symbolize good luck and optimism. Especially on e-commerce websites, there should be more warm colors to attract attention. In education, designers should also consider bringing more contrast of colors to websites to create an intriguing atmosphere for students.
- Resources:
Li, Yaxing, et al. “Cultural differences in web design on Chinese and Western websites: A literature review.” 2022 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (ProComm), vol. 6, July 2022, pp. 105–111, https://doi.org/10.1109/procomm53155.2022.00023.
Holtzschue, Linda. Understanding Color: An Introduction for Designers. Wiley, 2017.
Mirza, Audee. “Best Color Combinations for Educational Websites.” Verpex, 27 Feb. 2024, verpex.com/blog/website-tips/best-color-combinations-for-educational-websites.
“What Are Good Color Schemes to Use for Websites in China?” Quora, www.quora.com/What-are-good-color-schemes-to-use-for-websites-in-China. Accessed 8 Oct. 2024.
Issacharoff, Dean, et al. “Color Theory in Web Design: A Complete Guide (2024).” Elementor, 26 Aug. 2020, elementor.com/blog/color-theory-web-design/.
