Bone By Bone: The Skeleton and Selected Features

Skeleton (206 bones)

Axial (80)

Skull (22)

Skull Cavities
  • Cranial
  • Orbit
  • Paranasal Sinuses
  • Frontal
  • Ethimoidal
  • Maxillary
  • Nasal
  • Oral

Cranial Bones (8)

Frontal Bone

  • Glabella
  • Superciliary Arch
  • Supraorbital Foramen(Notch)
  • Supraorbital Margin
  • Coronal Suture

Parietal Bones

  • Parietal Foramen
  • Parietal Eminence
  • Sagittal Suture
  • Coronal Suture
  • Superior & Inferior Temporal Line
  • Lambdoid Suture
  • Squamous Suture

Temporal Bones

  • Squamous Suture
  • External Acoustic Meatus
  • Tympanic Part
  • Mastoid Process
  • Styloid Process of Temporal Bone
  • Zygomatic Process
  • Articular Process
  • Mandibular Fossa
  • Jugular Foramen (w/Occipital bone)
  • Foramen Lacerum (Temporal, Sphenoid, Occipital bones > Nothing)
  • Internal Acoustic Meatus
  • Carotid Canal (Temporal Bone > Internal Carotid Artery)

Occipital Bone

  • Foramen Magnum
  • Foramen Lacerum (Temporal, Sphenoid, Occipital bones > Nothing)
  • Hypoglossal Canal
  • Jugular Foramen (w/Temporal bone)
  • Condylar Canal
  • External Occiptal Protruberance

Sphenoid Bone

  • Greater Wings (form part of middle cranial fossa, lateral surface of skull, and orbits)
  • Lesser Wings (form part of anterior cranial fossa; contain optic canals)
  • Optic Canals
  • Optic Groove (depression on body between optic canals)
  • Body of Sphenoid
  • Sphenoidal Sinuses
  • Foramen Rotundum
  • Foramen Ovale
  • Foramen Spinosum
  • Foramen Lacerum (Temporal, Sphenoid, Occipital bones > Nothing)
  • Medial & Lateral Pterygoid Plates (attachment sites: chewing muscles)
  • Sella Turcica (houses pituitary gland)
  • Inferior Orbital Fissure (Maxilla, sphenoid, & zygomatic bones > Infraorbital nerve branch, CN V2)
  • Superior Orbital Fissure (Sphenoid bone > Ophthalmic neins, oculomotor nerve CN III, trochlear nerve CN IV, ophthalamic branch of trigeminal nerve CN V1, abducens nerve CN VI)

Ethmoid Bone

  • Cribriform Plate
  • Cribriform Foramina (passageway for olfactory nerves)
  • Crista Galli (attachment site for cranial dural septa to help stabilize brain within skull)
  • Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid
Cranial Passageways
  • Carotid Canal (Temporal Bone > Internal Carotid Artery)
  • Cribriform Foramina (Ethmoid Bone/Cribriform Plate > Olfactory nerves CN 1)
  • Foramen Lacerum (Temporal, Sphenoid, Occipital bones > Nothing)
  • Foramen Magnum (Occipital Bone > Vertebral arteries, spinal cord, accessory nerves CN XI)
  • Foramen Ovale (Sphenoid Bone > Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve CN V3)
  • Foramen Rotundum (Sphenoid Bone > Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve CN V2)
  • Foramen Spinosum (Sphenoid Bone > Middle meningeal vessels)
  • Hypoglossal Canal (Occipital bone > Hypoglossal nerve CN XII)
  • Inferior Orbital Fissure (Maxilla, sphenoid, & zygomatic bones > Infraorbital nerve branch, CN V2)
  • Jugular Foramen (Temporal & Occipital bones > Internal jugular vein, glossopharynegeal nerve CN XI, vagus nerve CN X, accessory nerve CN XI)
  • Mastoid Foramen (Temporal bone > Mastoid emissary veins)
  • Optic Canal (Sphenoid bone > Optic nerve CN II)
  • Stylomastoid Foramen (Temporal bone > Facial nerve CN VII)
  • Superior Orbital Fissure (Sphenoid bone > Ophthalmic neins, oculomotor nerve CN III, trochlear nerve CN IV, ophthalamic branch of trigeminal nerve CN V1, abducens nerve CN VI)
  • Supraorbital Foramen (Frontal bone > Supraorbital artery, supraorbital nerve CN V1)
Cranial Sutures – immovable joints, dense regular CT; these are the 4 largest
  • Coronal
  • Sagittal
  • Lambdoid
  • Squamous
Cranial Fossae – curved depressions in the cranial floor
  • Anterior Cranial Fossa (shallowest, frontal lobe)
  • Middle Cranial Fossa (temporal lobes, pituitary gland)
  • Posterior Cranial Fossa (most inferior & posterior, brain stem & cerebellum)
Other Landmarks of the Skull
  • Glabella (‘smooth’ area between orbits)
  • Supercilliary Arch (‘above eyelid’ aka brow ridges; males =more pronounced)
  • Alveolar Process of Maxillae (contains top teeth)
  • Alveolar Process of Mandible (contains bottom teeth)

Facial Bones (14)

Zygomatic Bones
  • Zygomatic Arch
  • Temporal Process
  • Inferior Orbital Fissure (Maxilla, sphenoid, & zygomatic bones > Infraorbital nerve branch, CN V2)
Lacrimal Bones
Nasal Bones
Vomer
Inferior Nasal Chonchae
Palatine Bones
Maxillae
  • Inferior Orbital Fissure (Maxilla, sphenoid, & zygomatic bones > Infraorbital nerve branch, CN V2)
  • Infraorbital Foramen (Maxilla > Infraorbital artery, infraorbital nerve CN V2)
  • Palatine Process of Maxillae
Mandible
  • Coronoid Process of Mandible
  • Alveolar Process
  • Mental Foramen
  • Mental Process
Facial Passageways
  • Greater & Lesser Palatine Foramina (Palatine bone > Palatine vessels, G &L palatine nerves CN V2)
  • Incisive Foramen (Maxilla > Nasopalatine nerve CN V2)
  • Infraorbital Foramen (Maxilla > Infraorbital artery, infraorbital nerve CN V2)
  • Lacrimal Grove (Lacrimal bone > Nasolacrimal duct)
  • Mandibular Foramen (Mandible > Inferior alveolar blood vessels, inferior alveolar nerve CN V3)
  • Mental Foramen (Mandible > Mental blood vessels, mental nerve CN V3)

 

Associated Bones of the Skull (7)

Auditory Ossicles (6)

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Hyoid Bone (1)

 

Vertebral Column (26)

General Characteristic of all Vertebrae
  • Intravertebral Disc
  • Intravertebral Foramen
  • Transverse Process
  • Spinous Process

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

  • Atlas C1 (lacks a body & spinal process)
  • Transverse Foramen
  • Transverse Process
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Axis C2
  • Body of Axis (fuses to the former body of the Atlas: the Dens)
  • Dens (‘tooth’; pivot for the lateral rotation of atlas & skull)
  • Transverse Foramen
  • Transverse Process
  • Pedicle of Axis
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Spinous Process
  • Vertebra Prominens C7 (not Bifid; much longer)
  • General Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae:
    • Body (small, kidney bean shape)
    • Transverse Process (small, contain transverse foramina)
    • Transverse Foramen (except sometimes C7)
    • Spinous Process (Bifid; Atlas has no spinous process)
    • Do NOT have Costal Facets for Ribs
    • Vertebral Foramen
    • Lamina of Cervical Vertebrae
    • Pedicle of Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

  • T1-T12
  • each articulates laterally with one or two pairs of ribs
  • General Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae:
  • Body (medium sized, heart-shaped)
  • Costal Facets for Ribs (present on body and transverse process)
  • Transverse Process (medium sized)
  • Do NOT have Transverse Foramina
  • Spinous Process (long, mostly project inferiorly; ‘giraffe head’)
  • Vertebral Foramen
  • Lamina of Thoracic Vertebrae
  • Pedicle of Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

  • ‘small’ of the back (L1-L5)
  • General Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae:
    • Body (Largest; oval or round)
    • Do NOT have Costal Facets for Ribs
    • Transverse Process (large, thick, and blunt)
    • Do NOT have Transverse Foramina
    • Spinous Process (short, thick, & blunt; project posteriorly; ‘moose head’)
    • Vertebral Foramen
    • Lamina of Lumbar Vertebrae
    • Pedicle of Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum (1)

  • sacral vertebrae-5 fused together (S1-S5)
  • Sacral-Iliac Joint

Coccyx (1)

  • aka ‘tailbone’
  • coccogeal vertebrae – 4 fused together (Co1-Co4)
  • may fuse to sacrum eventually
Spinal Curvatures
  • Cervical (secondary)
  • Thoracic (primary)
  • Lumbar (secondary)
  • Sacral (primary)

Thoracic Cage (25)

Sternum (1)

  • Costal Cartilages
  • Costal Notches
  • Jugular Notch of Sternum
  • Manubrium
  • Suprasternal Notch
  • Clavicular Notch
  • Sternal Angle
  • Body of Sternum
  • Xiphoid Process

Ribs (24)

  • True Ribs
  • False Ribs
  • Floating Ribs
  • Costal Cartilages

Appendicular (126)

Pectoral Girdle (4)

Clavicle

  • Acromial End of Clavicle
  • Sternal End of Clavicle

Scapula

  • Acromion
  • Coracoid Process
  • Glenoid Cavity
  • Infraspinous Fossa
  • Lateral Border of Scapula
  • Medial Border of Scapula
  • Spine of Scapula
  • Subscapular Fossa
  • Supraspinous Fossa

Skeleton of Upper Limbs (30 per limb, 60 total)

Humerus (2)

  • Anatomical Neck of Humerus
  • Capitulum of Humerus
  • Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus
  • Greater Tubercle
  • Head of Humerus
  • Lateral Epicondyle of Humerus
  • Lesser Tubercle
  • Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
  • Olecranon Fossa of Humerus
  • Surgical Neck of Humerus
  • Trochlea of Humerus

Radius (2)

  • Head of Radius
  • Neck of Radius
  • Radial Tuberosity
  • Styloid Process of Radius

Ulna (2)

  • Olecranon
  • Styloid Process of Ulna
  • Trochlear Notch of Ulna

Carpals (16)

Metacarpals (10)

Phalanges (28)

  • Distal Phalanx of Fingers
  • Middle Phalanx of Fingers
  • Proximal Phalanx of Fingers

 

Pelvic Girdle (2)

Os Coxae

Ilium
  • Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
  • Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Iliac Crest
  • Greater Sciatic Notch
  • Obturator Foramen (w/Ischium)
  • Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
  • Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
  • Sacral-Iliac Joint
Ischium
  • Ischial Tuberosity
  • Lesser Sciatic Notch
  • Obturator Foramen (w/Ilium)
Pubis
  • Acetabulum
  • Pelvic Inlet
  • Pubic Symphysis
  • Subpubic Angle

Skeleton of Lower Limbs (30 per limb, 60 total)

Femur (2)

  • Gluteal Tuberosity
  • Greater Trochanter
  • Head of Femur
  • Lateral Condyle of Femur
  • Lateral Epicondyle of Femur
  • Lesser Trochanter
  • Linear Aspera
  • Medial Condyle of Femur
  • Medial Epicondyle of Femur
  • Neck of Femur

Patella (2)

Tibia (2)

  • Lateral Condyle of Tibia
  • Medial Condyle of Tibia
  • Tibial Tuberosity

Fibula (2)

  • Head of Fibula
  • Neck of Fibula

Tarsals (14)

  • Calcaneus (heel bone)
  • Talus (ankle bone)

Metatarsals (10)

Phalanges (28)

  • Distal Phalanx of Toes
  • Middle Phalanx of Toes
  • Proximal Phalanx of Toes