Indigenous Peoples

Descendants of the people who lived in what is now the United States prior to European settler colonization are Indigenous, or Native, to this region. Indigenous people—who do not identify with another race—account for about 1.3% of the population in the country(1). There are 574 federally recognized tribes in the States(2), but numerous tribes go unrecognized by the government, despite efforts to secure recognition; this results in a barrier to federal services and resources(3). The lasting effects of colonization—as well as the separation of families and erasure of culture by government-operated boarding schools—are described as Indigenous historical trauma: a root cause of major physical and mental health conditions(4). Indigenous adults experience post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, substance use disorder, and suicide at disproportionately higher rates than individuals who identify with other racial groups(5). Despite this, Indigenous people have been underrepresented in psychological research(6).  

Psychology is in a position to reduce barriers Indigenous peoples face in the pursuit of mental health treatment, including living in rural and isolated locations, having less health insurance coverage, and a lack of cultural competency displayed by practitioners(7). There are around 260 Indigenous psychologists across North America(8), so it is critical to create more opportunities for Indigenous students to get involved with and impact the mental health field (e.g., through programs like STEP). Culturally responsive and integrated care (i.e., incorporation of culturally relevant health beliefs and practices with mental health care) have been found to be helpful in the process of healing and prevention within Indigenous populations(9). As a lab, we are committed to including Indigenous peoples in our research, as well as challenging the discrimination they have and continue to face. 

Land recognition: Georgia State University in “Atlanta” is on the land of the Mvskoke (Muscogee [Creek]) Nation(10). Mvskoke-Map

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Our Commitment to Action

  • Representative Recruitment: We will recruit Indigenous-identifying participants in research studies at rates proportionate to local population estimates (0.3%)(1). 
  • Inclusive/Bias-Free Language: We will identify and name specific tribes and/or nations when possible. We understand that ‘Indigenous peoples’ is a very broad, monolithic term, and that First Nations and Indigenous peoples have distinct outlooks and experiences that deserve to be contextualized through their origin, background, location, and individual tribal customs and cultural practices.  
  • Land Acknowledgement: We will acknowledge that Atlanta is on the land of the Mvskoke (Creek) Nation when indicating where a given study in our lab took place in future publications. 
  • Singular Referent: APA guidelines caution against using majority groups as a reference point for findings from minority groups(11). Accordingly, we will avoid using white samples as a comparison demographic for Indigenous statistics unless explicitly supported by a theoretical and data-driven rationale. 

References

  1. U.S. Census Bureau (2020). Population estimates. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219.
  2. National Conference of State Legislatures (2020). Federal and state recognized tribes. Retrieved from https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx
  3. National Congress of American Indians (2021). Federal recognition. Retrieved from https://www.ncai.org/policy-issues/tribal-governance/federal-recognition
  4. Gone, J. P., Hartmann, W. E., Pomerville, A., Wendt, D. C., Klem, S. H., & Burrage, R. L. (2019). The impact of historical trauma on health outcomes for indigenous populations in the USA and Canada: A systematic review. American Psychologist, 74(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000338
  5. Ka’apu, K., & Burnette, C. E. (2019). A culturally informed systematic review of mental health disparities among adult indigenous men and women of the USA: What is known? The British Journal of Social Work, 49(4), 880–898. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz009
  6. Roberts, S. O., Bareket-Shavit, C., Dollins, F. A., Goldie, P. D., & Mortenson, E. (2020). Racial inequality in psychological research: Trends of the past and recommendations for the future. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(6), 1295–1309. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620927709
  7. National Alliance on Mental Illness (2021). Identity and cultural dimensions丨Indigenous. Retrieved from https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/Indigenous
  8. O’Keefe, V. M., Cwlk, M. F., Haroz, E. E., & Barlow, A. (2021). Increasing culturally responsive care and mental health equity with Indigenous community mental health workers. Psychological Services, 18(1), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000358
  9. Lewis, M. E., & Myhra, L. L. (2017). Integrated care with indigenous populations: A systematic review of the literature. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 24(3), 88–110. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.2403.2017.88
  10. Native Land (2021). Retrieved from https://native-land.ca/
  11. American Psychological Association APA Task Force on Race and Ethnicity Guidelines in Psychology. (2019). APA guidelines on race and ethnicity in psychology: Promoting responsiveness and equity. Retrieved from ​​http://www.apa.org/about/policy/race-and-ethnicity-in-psychology.pdf

INDIGENOUS AMERICAN VOICES IN PSYCHOLOGY

Carolyn Attneave, PhD

Dr. Attneave was a psychologist best known for founding, writing, and editing a newsletter which eventually grew a following. It is now known as the Society of Indian Psychologists.

Arthur McDonald, PhD

Dr. McDonald was the first Indigenous man in the U.S. to earn a doctorate in psychology and was dedicated to improving access and inclusion for Indigenous peoples to enter the field.

Marigold Linton, PhD

Dr. Linton is a cognitive psychologist known for her work surrounding long-term memory and her advocacy for inclusion in the sciences.

Laurelle Myhra, PhD, LMFT

Dr. Myhra is known for her work which addresses historical trauma, traumatic stress, and substance use disorders among Indigenous individuals–through both research and practice.

Joseph Gone, PhD

Dr. Gone is a clinical-community psychologist known for his work surrounding community-based mental health services for Indigenous peoples.

William Shunkamolah, PhD

Dr. Shunkamolah is a psychologist who previously studied Indigenous peoples’ grief and bereavement prior to entering the field as a practitioner.