Methods of Defensive Architecture: Annotated Bibliography 8.

Emir Talundzic on
“5 Ways We Design Our Cities to Make Them Inhospitable to Human Life (Photos) | Alternet.” N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.

 The article by Allegra Kirkland discusses the five types of defensive architecture cities use to exclude certain groups of people. Kirkland talks about how cities and private spaces use defensive architecture like spikes, sprinklers, checkpoints and divided benches to exclude the poor, specifically the homeless. In addition to this, cities also use aural methods like playing unpleasant sounds to prevent people from selling or sleeping around businesses. Kirkland uses the example of the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium which played an industrial sound track to keep people from sleeping on the steps.
spike_bench2
Homeless deterrent bench. The spikes retract when a payment is received. Sourced from: David M. Boje

I chose this article because it relates with my 7th annotated bibliography which focused on the use of spikes and expands on the different methods of defensive architecture being used in cities to exclude the homeless. This source also relates to the built environment setting found here in Atlanta. Most of the methods mentioned in Kirkland’s article can be seen in use throughout Atlanta. For example, some parks and businesses in Atlanta do use split benches, sprinkler systems, checkpoints and spikes to prevent the homeless from using those areas.

478 thoughts on “Methods of Defensive Architecture: Annotated Bibliography 8.”

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  4. This is a powerful read highlighting how urban spaces can be subtly, yet systematically, unwelcoming. Defensive architecture like spike benches and sound deterrents really raises important ethical questions about public space access and inclusivity. As someone involved in planning group site visits and urban research tours, I’ve noticed these features firsthand in city landscapes — including in places like Dubai. For researchers or students exploring these urban patterns, reliable transportation is essential. I’d recommend checking out BUS RENTAL DUBAI by Swat Transport for convenient group mobility during city-based fieldwork. Insightful article — thanks for sharing!nnn

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  6. This article really highlights how urban design can be used to subtly exclude vulnerable groups from public spaces. It’s eye-opening to see how widespread these defensive measures have become, even in cities like Atlanta. While reading, I couldn’t help but reflect on how transportation systems also shape the accessibility of public space. In cities like Dubai, for instance, efficient and inclusive mobility—such as BUS RENTAL DUBAIservices—can play a positive role in connecting people from all walks of life to urban areas without exclusion. Urban planning should aim to bring communities together, not push them out.

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  26. A compelling compilation of resources! This annotated bibliography provides a nuanced view of how defensive architecture shapes public spaces and influences human behavior. It’s a topic that invites critical reflection on design intent versus social impact. At Monarch Innovation, we appreciate such in-depth explorations that challenge conventional design thinking. Thank you for curating and sharing this valuable research!

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