Summary of Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment

Emir Talundzic on

In her article “Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment”, Sarah Schindler focuses on the issue of segregation through architectural design. Schindler divides her article in two parts. Part one discusses the theory of discrimination and segregation through architecture while part two discusses the application of this theory. This summary will highlight the major examples Schindler uses to describe the theory of discrimination and segregation through architecture as well as its application.

Since it is now unacceptable to segregate people openly, organizations and people have resorted to segregating people through architecture since it is much less obvious to the public. By designing things a certain way, such as the benches in a park, which are divided into sections, it can restrict certain types of people from wishing to use them. At first glance, the divided sections may seem practical because they allow people to sit among each other with space in between them. However, the divided sections of the bench may also serve as a deterrent for homeless people since they can no longer lay on the bench to sleep. (Schindler 1942).

Divided central park bench.

(Divided central park bench.)

To further support her theory, Schindler focuses on what the placement and availability of desirable items have on people, or as she calls it “features of the built environment that function to control human behavior or hinder access” (Schindler 1948). For example, Schindler uses the example of junk food and healthy food in a cafeteria. If the cafeteria wishes to offer the healthier options to the consumers, they will place them in areas that are easily accessible and visible. The options of junk food will still be available, but will be harder to reach and less visible in comparison to the healthier counterparts. (Schindler 1948). The point being made is that people will tend to do the things that are most convenient to them. Schindler ties this together by including the examination conducted by Lior Jacob Strahilevitz on exclusionary amenities. The idea is to segregate based on social class. By increasing the price of “exclusionary amenities” such as houses, it restricts the ability for poorer social classes to mix with the rich elite class. (Schindler 1949).

In part two of “Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment”, Schindler discusses the application of the theory of segregation through architecture. The first example used by Schindler are the bridges constructed by Robert Moses. Moses did not wish to mix the people of lower socioeconomic classes with the higher classes. In order to do this, Moses created the bridges that led to Jones’s Beach with a lower clearance, so that public transportation like buses would not be able to travel to the island. Moses did not wish to allow buses to travel to the island since public transportation is associated with people of lower socioeconomic classes, typically those of color. (Schindler 1953)

In addition to this, the placement of bus stops and construction of highways also plays a large role in architectural segregation. Many communities refuse to have bus stops placed near them since the bus stops would allow those who are poor to be able to travel to richer areas. Richer communities also influence the design and location of major highways, usually routing them through poorer areas in other to relocate those who lived there to other areas, effectively segregating them in specific areas away from the rich.

Schindler also uses examples of city design, such as the use of one way streets and lack of road signs. The use of one way streets may reduce traffic flow, but they also have been used to direct traffic flow away from particularly richer areas. When cities implement one way streets and remove road signs, it can be very difficult to navigate to and around the city in question. By making it difficult to travel to and from the city and confusing to navigate within the city, the chance that tourists and minorities will visit are very slim, leaving those of the higher class segregated from them.

Osborne Junction. Commonly known as Confusion Corner.

(Osborne Junction. Commonly known as Confusion Corner.)

Regardless of the reason provided for designing the infrastructure the way it is, the motive is always the same. Schindler identifies this modern day method of legal segregation and discrimination as architectural exclusion.

Bibliography 

Schindler, Sarah.“Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment.” Yale Law Journal 124.6 (2015): 1934-1972. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

1,290 thoughts on “Summary of Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment”

  1. 23時からの最終版ニュースは、JNN/FNSクロスネット時代は本来JNN系列協定に沿って『JNNニュースデスク』を配信すべきだが、ネットせず自社制作ローカルニュースを放送していた（当初は『福島民報ニュース』と『民友ニュース』を交互 → 後に『FTVニュース』）。情ないとは思ふけれど、其様（そん）な関係で、今では娘の顔を見に行くことも出来ないやうな仕末。 また江戸時代の居合術流派に試し斬りが稽古として積極的に行われていたという記録はなく、両者の融合は、明治時代の戸山流の影響とも言われている。前（せん）の家内といふのは、矢張（やはり）飯山の藩士の娘でね、我輩の家（うち）の楽な時代に嫁（かたづ）いて来て、未だ今のやうに零落しない内に亡（な）くなつた。

    Also visit my web-site g7サミットウクライナ

    Reply

  4. Good day I am so thrilled I found your blog, I really found you by error, while I
    was browsing on Google for something else, Regardless I am
    here now and would just like to say thanks a lot for a incredible
    post and a all round entertaining blog (I also love the theme/design),
    I don’t have time to go through it all at the
    moment but I have bookmarked it and also added your RSS
    feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a great deal more, Please do keep up the excellent work.

    My web blog … 引越し 銀行 住所 変更

    Reply

  6. Greate post. Keep writing such kind of information on your page.
    Im really impressed by your blog.
    Hello there, You’ve done a great job. I’ll certainly digg it and
    personally recommend to my friends. I’m sure they will be benefited from
    this site.

    Feel free to visit my web site; KLYTRF23k

    Reply

  8. 出発当日、入団を志願したアトラ・当初は鉄華団を子供の集まりと侮っていた名瀬だったが、オルガたちが自分たちの戦艦を制圧寸前まで追い込んだこととその正当性を目の当たりにすると認識を改めて戦いを中止し、鉄華団とテイワズの代表マクマード・

    Here is my web-site; ゲイビデオマッチョ

    Reply

  9. I was curious if you ever thought of changing the layout of your site?
    Its very well written; I love what youve got to say.
    But maybe you could a little more in the way of
    content so people could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or two pictures.
    Maybe you could space it out better?

    Here is my web-site – 51 game

    Reply

  18. その間の休業補償としてお客様がレンタカー会社に支払う金額のことです。補償内容等、詳細はレンタカー会社へお問い合わせください。貸出時に免責補償に追加で加入することで、ノン・ ノン・オペレーションチャージ（休業補償）とは、事故・関西国際空港では、2020年4月15日時点で国際便の旅客便の発着が無くなった。 では、調査 (Research)・免責補償とは、お客様が万が一、事故・

    Check out my blog post: 3981の理論株価はいくらですか

    Reply

  23. 2019年（令和元年）8月19日、即位後初めての那須御用邸での夏季静養。翌年の地裁判決で500万円の支払いをひろゆきに命じる。 たとえば、臨時費用保険金は、実際の費用の額にかかわらず、損害イオン カード 保険 海外 旅行金に一定の割合をかけた金額が支払われますが、1事故・

    Reply

  25. 演奏：ベートーベン作曲「ロマンス」より、ヘ長調・演：岡本信人 三友家の次男。男子中学生が自殺した中野富士見中学いじめ自殺事件では、学級担任がいじめに加担し「葬式ごっこ」が行われるなど悲惨ないじめの実態が明らかとなり、マスメディアが大々的に報じたことで世間の注目を集めた。 18:45 – 胸から下がマヒした女性の人生かけた願い おなかの我が子に会いたい！ なおflow voidとは血液や脳脊髄液の流れのために発生する信号の消失を示す。 なお、複数事業者で重複することもあり、その場合は「23x-0」のように枝番を付けて示す（便宜上、枝番は下1桁の「編成番号」の小さい順に0・

    my blog … 3歳 どもり 知恵袋

    Reply

  26. 中国新聞社所有の「ちゅーピーパーク」内の土地（2024年夏に営業を終了する「チチヤスダイヤモンドプール」の跡地）約2ヘクタールを購入し、最新のトレーニング機能を備えた「大野ファーム施設（仮称）」を建築する。球団は廿日市市、中国新聞社と連携協力に関する協定を締結。両手から飛び出すアダマンチウムの爪と、肉体再生能力（ヒーリング・ 10年落ち以上の車なら、車両保険をつける必要はまずないと言えます。 『2019：ペット&ファミリー損害保険の現状』（PDF）（レポート）ペット&ファミリー損害保険、2019年6月30日、2頁。

    Review my homepage – アルファベット画像

    Reply

  29. 2011年4月26日閲覧。 2011年4月8日閲覧。 2012年12月5日閲覧。 2011年5月30日閲覧。 “. 益城ルネサンス熊本フットボールクラブ (2011年5月23日). 2011年7月18日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 「「松島が守ってくれた」対岸の町、死者1人」読売新聞、2011年3月23日。 シビュラシステムが導入されて以降、前代未聞の密入国事件に、常守朱は厚生省公安局刑事課一係を率いて出動し、対峙する。読売新聞等の相乗りながら、朝日系のテレビ局としてANNに加盟していた。戦後は、高度経済成長による工業化や、中国等新興国の安い繊維製品の輸入増加で製造業での地位は低下している。

    Also visit my blog post … 岩井コスモ証券の代表電話番号は

    Reply

  39. 大手消費者金融企業各社が、会社を受取人として債務者に対し生命保険を掛けていた問題である。 アメリカ合衆国では、連邦政府によるVATにあたる税金はないが、州ごとに業者間取引には課されず、最終的な消費者のみに課される売上税（Sales Tax）がある。
    その中に、くりぃむしちゅーのオールナイトニッポンもラインアップされており、初回放送分から順次聴取可能となる。最初のテレビシリーズから3年半経っても鷹の爪団の世界征服は一向に進まない。日経クロステック（xTECH） (2022年4月19日).
    “日本は素材大国だが原料は輸入頼り、調達網の脆弱性解消を急げ”.

    My web page: イギリス ユーロ 導入

    Reply

  42. 着せ替えは制限時間内なら何度でも可能。結婚式や入籍、納車や引っ越し等を「先勝」にする場合は「吉の時間」を選ぶ方が良いとされている。窓口では住宅ローンや、保険、投資信託などの販売も行い、買い物のついでに気軽に資産運用の相談に立ち寄るニーズに応えるべく展開する。 の専門性の保証、地域力の活用、医療・ 2021』宝島社、2020年12月8日。 カード販売数が他社の類似機種のものと比べてはるかに多いこともあり、稼働率が低下した状況でも、稼動終了まで続けていた店舗もあった。

    Also visit my webpage :: 6UUJ3f5HERCdefqWPdNUVT79B1mabkJcbreYU8uEyAQW

    Reply

  43. Looking for a dynamic and reliable gaming platform? Đăng nhập top88 delivers a huge variety of games, real-time bonuses, and top-notch security measures, making it the ultimate choice for gamers seeking both fun and fortune.

    Reply

  45. в отличие от слотов, карточные игры
    часто доступны с продавцом, топ казино ру который генерирует процесс игры более захватывающим и.

    Reply

  48. Hey there! Do you know if they make any plugins to protect against
    hackers? I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard
    on. Any tips?

    Feel free to surf to my blog: insane games online

    Reply

  49. among other significant characters are Niki Santoro (Pesci), “accomplished person and Sam’s friend, and Aviator Game McKenna
    (Stone), a street hustler whom Sam marries and where has a daughter.

    Reply

  50. I do not even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was
    good. I don’t know who you are but definitely you’re going to a famous blogger
    if you are not already 😉 Cheers!

    Look into my website … collision auto repair

    Reply

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *