Summary of Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment

In her article “Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment”, Sarah Schindler focuses on the issue of segregation through architectural design. Schindler divides her article in two parts. Part one discusses the theory of discrimination and segregation through architecture while part two discusses the application of this theory. This summary will highlight the major examples Schindler uses to describe the theory of discrimination and segregation through architecture as well as its application.

Since it is now unacceptable to segregate people openly, organizations and people have resorted to segregating people through architecture since it is much less obvious to the public. By designing things a certain way, such as the benches in a park, which are divided into sections, it can restrict certain types of people from wishing to use them. At first glance, the divided sections may seem practical because they allow people to sit among each other with space in between them. However, the divided sections of the bench may also serve as a deterrent for homeless people since they can no longer lay on the bench to sleep. (Schindler 1942).

Divided central park bench.

(Divided central park bench.)

To further support her theory, Schindler focuses on what the placement and availability of desirable items have on people, or as she calls it “features of the built environment that function to control human behavior or hinder access” (Schindler 1948). For example, Schindler uses the example of junk food and healthy food in a cafeteria. If the cafeteria wishes to offer the healthier options to the consumers, they will place them in areas that are easily accessible and visible. The options of junk food will still be available, but will be harder to reach and less visible in comparison to the healthier counterparts. (Schindler 1948). The point being made is that people will tend to do the things that are most convenient to them. Schindler ties this together by including the examination conducted by Lior Jacob Strahilevitz on exclusionary amenities. The idea is to segregate based on social class. By increasing the price of “exclusionary amenities” such as houses, it restricts the ability for poorer social classes to mix with the rich elite class. (Schindler 1949).

In part two of “Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment”, Schindler discusses the application of the theory of segregation through architecture. The first example used by Schindler are the bridges constructed by Robert Moses. Moses did not wish to mix the people of lower socioeconomic classes with the higher classes. In order to do this, Moses created the bridges that led to Jones’s Beach with a lower clearance, so that public transportation like buses would not be able to travel to the island. Moses did not wish to allow buses to travel to the island since public transportation is associated with people of lower socioeconomic classes, typically those of color. (Schindler 1953)

In addition to this, the placement of bus stops and construction of highways also plays a large role in architectural segregation. Many communities refuse to have bus stops placed near them since the bus stops would allow those who are poor to be able to travel to richer areas. Richer communities also influence the design and location of major highways, usually routing them through poorer areas in other to relocate those who lived there to other areas, effectively segregating them in specific areas away from the rich.

Schindler also uses examples of city design, such as the use of one way streets and lack of road signs. The use of one way streets may reduce traffic flow, but they also have been used to direct traffic flow away from particularly richer areas. When cities implement one way streets and remove road signs, it can be very difficult to navigate to and around the city in question. By making it difficult to travel to and from the city and confusing to navigate within the city, the chance that tourists and minorities will visit are very slim, leaving those of the higher class segregated from them.

Osborne Junction. Commonly known as Confusion Corner.

(Osborne Junction. Commonly known as Confusion Corner.)

Regardless of the reason provided for designing the infrastructure the way it is, the motive is always the same. Schindler identifies this modern day method of legal segregation and discrimination as architectural exclusion.

Bibliography 

Schindler, Sarah.“Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment.” Yale Law Journal 124.6 (2015): 1934-1972. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

1,225 thoughts on “Summary of Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination And Segregation Through Physical Design Of The Built Environment

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  8. By Howard Schneider

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  12. Welcome to Ice City: Russia plans to build frozen community 1,000 miles from North Pole…
    as race for Arctic minerals heats up

    By WILL STEWART FOR MAILONLINE
    Updated: 15:44 GMT, 24 October 2011

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    Russia is to build an ultra-modern city on a frozen island deep inside the Arctic Circle – in the Kremlin’s latest move to back its claim
    to vast oil and gas reserves under the polar ice cap.

    Named Umka, after a popular Soviet polar bear cub cartoon hero,
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    Extraordinary: The city will cost up to £4 billion and be built on the remote island of Kotelniy, in the Novosibirsk
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    Vast: The Umka designs are based on the International Space
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    Sources say it is likely to house soldiers, border guards
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    ‘We aim to have scientific laboratories, houses, but also parks
    with attractions, an Aqua complex, hotels and a cathedral.
    Naturally there will be schools, kindergartens, recreation zones,
    a hospital, and sport facilities are planned, too,’ said Rzhevskiy.

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    ‘We want people who will be living and working here
    not to realise they are in some closed space with an aggressive Arctic climate
    outside.’

    The extraordinary venture – nicknamed ‘wonder city’ – will be built at a cost of up to £4 billion on the remote island of Kotelniy, in the Novosibirsk archipelago ,
    some 1,000 miles from the North Pole, closer than any other Russian city.
     

    Strong winds make it one of the most inhospitable places on the planet, and
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    Bleak: Strong winds make the area one of the most inhospitable places on the planet, and even in summer it
    barely climbs over freezing point

    The Umka designs are based on the International Space Station, but it
    is vast by comparison – just short of one mile long and 800
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    ‘So far it’s the only project in the world with an artificial climate and integral life support – just like
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    ‘So far it’s the only project in the world with an artificial climate and integral life
    support – just like on the space station. Not only is it a new word in architecture,
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    – Valery Rzhevskiy, architect

    Electricity will be supplied by a floating nuclear
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    ‘There will not be any rubbish at all, as the city will have two  factories converting all kinds into
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    It will house workers for local mines and oil platforms which should pay the
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    ‘This project is designed to work on any surface,
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    The ice city plans – currently with no fixed timetable for opening
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    United Nations over underwater mineral exploitation rights.

    Western countries were stung when in 2007 Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov placed
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  15. The Sacramento Kings look to halt a season-worst six-game losing streak when they host the
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    a lot closer,” Irving said. “Getting down like that, I don’t
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    Most teams would give up, especially on a back-to-back.

    But our identity is we don’t want to give up.”

    Dallas will be without Naji Marshall, who will miss his second contest as part of a four-game suspension for his part in an altercation with Jusuf Nurkic of the Phoenix Suns on Friday. P.J. Washington, suspended one game for his role in the scuffle, will return on Monday.

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    Published: 01:22 GMT, 13 June 2012 | Updated: 08:15 GMT, 13 June 2012

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    But Simon Rose, spokesman for banking pressure group Save our Savers dismissed the app as a ‘gimmick’.

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    Royal Bank of Scotland has created the app which will be available to
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    The app could also allow worried parents of cash-strapped students to send money
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    Ben Green, head of mobile at NatWest and RBS said: ‘This has never been done anywhere in the UK, and yet is a really simple and secure way to help our customers get cash whenever and wherever they need it.’

    The bank says that by the end of July it expects customers will be able to leave their debit cards at home and use their
    phones to pay for items in shops – although it stresses there are no plans to phase out debit
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    Banks and phone companies are racing to launch mobile payment technology.

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    sign up to the same service.

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