https://call-for-papers.sas.upenn.edu/cfp/2024/01/08/unruly-borders-march-1-3-2024

 

Challenging norms: ” Women Shattering Constricting Borders”

This paper explores the interconnectedness of two tenacious women- Catherine Booth, and Bindu Ammini -who surpassed societal and religious boundaries. Though the endeavours of these prominent figures span different periods and cultural spaces, they share a common fight against entrenched norms and gender-based gatekeeping within religious institutions, which restrict women’s participation in sacred spaces, rituals, and leadership roles. 

The 19th-century British social reformer Catherine Booth broke societal barriers by becoming a prominent preacher and co-founding the Salvation Army. She earned the title “Mother of The Salvation Army” for her nurturing and maternal care. She challenged traditional gender norms and empowered women to take religious leadership roles alongside men. She campaigned against societal injustices like alcoholism, poverty, and exploitation of women and children. Her legacy has inspired women to break religious boundaries and carve spaces for themselves. 

Walking on the same lines as Booth, Bindu Ammini, a contemporary activist from India, created a stir through her efforts to promote gender equality, especially about women’s access to religious spaces. She challenged the centuries-old tradition of excluding women of menstruating age from entering and worshipping the deity at Sabarimala temple in Kerala, India. Her efforts to enter the temple contributed to the momentous Indian Supreme Court decision that declared the ban unconstitutional. Facing physical threats, she entered the temple in 2019. Ammini advocated for social justice and women’s empowerment by shattering hierarchical boundaries. 

The struggle of these women to dismantle social and religious barriers is symbolic of crossing boundaries. Both, Ammini and Booth epitomize the role of religious reformers by rebelling against rigid societal norms, empowering marginalized communities, and advocating for social justice. Through a comparative study of their narratives, this paper will shed light on the commonalities and differences in their boundary-crossing journey and the indelible mark they left on society. 

 

 

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  Annotated Bibliography 

1. Bizzell and Herzberg, eds. The Rhetorical Tradition: Readings from Classical Times to the
   Present, 3rd. edition. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press. 2020.

This book helped me gain insights into women’s education and speech in the modern era. For example, Margaret Fell attacked the standard argument that St. Paul had forbidden women to speak in church and thus that they could not be preachers, ministers, or even public speakers on social issues. In her works, she argues that there was ample justification in scripture for women to speak and that passages to the contrary had been misinterpreted. 

Reading this work in detail has given me an idea of how women gradually rose to the position of preachers. 

2. Blythe, Stuart. “I Want to Preach like a Woman: Catherine Booth as ‘Antagonistic Subject.’” Baptistic Theologies, vol. 9, no. 1, Spr 2017, pp. 15–32. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=rfh&AN=ATLAiFZK170911003015&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Stuart McLeod Blythe is an ordained Scottish Baptist Minister. Since June 2014, he has been the Rector of the International Baptist Theological Study Centre Amsterdam (previously IBTS Prague). He was previously pastor of two churches and taught for ten years at the Scottish Baptist College. He is the John Gladstone Professor in Preaching and Worship at Acadia Divinity College and a Senior Research Fellow at the IBTS Centre in Amsterdam.

The article provides a scholarly analysis of Catherine Booth’s preaching style and her role as an “antagonistic subject” within the context of Baptist theology. This source will help my paper understand Booth’s impact and legacy as a pioneering female preacher. It sheds light on a nuanced understanding of her preaching style, theological convictions, and historical context within Baptist theology and religious history. I will use this source to make my point that Booth had to face challenges within the male-dominated religious landscape of her time.

3. Lloyd, Jennifer. Women and Shaping of British Methodism. Manchester UP. 2009

Jennifer Lloyd is an Associate Professor of History at the College at Brockport, State University of New York. 

This book is the first to deal with British Methodist women preachers throughout the nineteenth century. I will use this resource to highlight the reasons why some Methodist sects allowed women to preach and others did not and the experience of Bible Christian and Primitive Methodist female evangelists before 1850. The information in this book will help me shed light in my paper on the emergence of evangelists and how Methodist women had the greatest success in establishing themselves as prophetic voices in their own right.

4. Duff, Mildred. Catherine Booth — A Sketch. Public Domain in the USA, 2004.

Mildred Duff was an English author and Salvation Army officer, where she attained the rank of Colonel. She worked in the London slums with the Salvation Army, overseeing other women in the slum districts.

The biographical details about Booth, including her upbringing, family background, early life, and key events in her life, will enrich the research paper on Booth and help situate her within the historical context of the 19th century. It offers a concise overview of Booth’s life story, which is essential for understanding her context, motivations, and contributions. 

5. Murdoch, Norman H. “Female Ministry in the Thought and Work of Catherine Booth.” Church History, vol. 53, no. 3, 1984, pp. 348–62. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3166274. Accessed 31 Mar. 2024.

Norman H. Murdoch’s Career Norman H. Murdoch is an American historian and theologian who has written extensively on the history of Christianity. He is an Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Cincinnati, where he taught from 1968 until 2005. Murdoch is the author of several books, including “Origins of the Salvation Army” and “Soldiers of the Cross: The Salvation Army in the United States, 1880-1980.” His work has been praised for its scholarship and insights into the history of Christianity.

This article explores the ideas and contributions of Catherine Booth, co-founder of the Salvation Army, regarding the role of women in ministry. I will use this article to get information about her life and work. The article “Female Ministry in the Thought and Work of Catherine Booth” explores the contributions of Catherine Booth to the development of female ministry within the Salvation Army. It examines her theological arguments, practical initiatives, and the impact of her work on the role of women in Christian ministry. challenges she faced in advocating for women’s involvement in religious leadership.

6. Catherine Booth: “Female ministry; or, Woman’s right to preach the gospel.” 1870.
https://books.google.com/books? hl=en&lr=&id=E6lgAAAAcAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=catherine+booth+female+ministry&ots
=iJBRmFnMLG&sig=0h_ZZDoPdpUkAgVyazYhZkgJtjI#v=onepage&q&f=false

In this pamphlet, Booth mentions, “God has given to woman a graceful form and attitude, winning manners, persuasive speech, and above all, a finely-toned emotional nature, all of which appear to us eminent natural qualifications for public speaking.” 

Beyond scripture, Booth utilizes logic and reason to counter arguments against female ministry. This pamphlet is a firsthand account of Booth’s beliefs and arguments. In my paper, I will cite Catherine Booth’s perspective on women preaching. By analyzing her own words, my paper will gain valuable insight into her motivations and the theological framework underlying her activism.

7. Smietana, Bob. Bible Teacher Beth Moore, Splitting with Lifeway, Says, ‘I Am No Longer a Southern Baptist,’ Religion News Services, 9 Mar. 2021, religionnews.com/2021/03/09/bible-teacher-beth-moore-ends-partnership-with-lifeway-i-am-no-longer-a-southern baptist/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwtqmwBhBVEiwAL-WAYSXC7qECkHdnler2cwUPKNHG3ALfgjhFjwDn2kB8XMtLFRR9Z63WfRoC7X8QAvD_BwE. 

Bob Smietana is an award-winning reporter and Pulitzer grantee who has become one of the most respected and well-known religion reporters in the country, with more than two decades of experience in covering religion, spirituality, and ethics. He has served as a senior writer for Facts & Trends, senior editor of Christianity Today, and the religion writer at The Tennessean. He is currently a national reporter for Religion News Service, where his wire service stories — which attract wide readership from lay people, pastors, and scholars — have appeared in both secular and religious publications, such as the Washington Post, USA Today, Christianity Today, and the Associated Press.

The famed Bible study teacher, Moore, said she no longer feels at home in the denomination that once saved her life. When Moore spoke out about Trump, the pushback was fierce. Her criticism of Trump was seen as an act of betrayal. When the Southern Baptist Denomination said nothing and continued to support Trump, Moore made the decision to walk away from the Church. “I am still a Baptist, but I can no longer identify with Southern Baptists,” Moore said in the phone interview. “I love so many Southern Baptist people, so many Southern Baptist churches, but I don’t identify with some of the things in our heritage that haven’t remained in the past.”This post will help me add information to my paper and cite this source as one of the reasons for Moore to part ways from SBC. 

8.Fahrenthold, David. “Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005.” www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html. Accessed 30 Mar. 2024.

David A. Fahrenthold is an American journalist who writes for The New York Times. Previously he wrote for The Washington Post. He has also served as a political analyst for NBC News and MSNBC. He has been a reporter since 2000, and  spent his first 22 years at The Washington Post.. His first foray into non-profit reporting came in 2016, when he wrote a series of stories for The Post about Donald J. Trump’s private foundation. As a result of those stories, a New York judge ordered Mr. Trump to shut down his foundation and pay a $2 million penalty. He was a reporter covering the Trump family and its business interests. He previously covered Congress, the federal bureaucracy, the environment and the D.C. police. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for national reporting. He joined The Times in early 2022, to take on the non profit beat full time. He is a native of Houston, Texas, and a graduate of Harvard.

This post shows the audio conversation between Donald Trump and Bush. Here Trump discusses a failed attempt to seduce a woman. This post is a piece of evidence against Trump. I will use the words / phrases and the information mentioned in this post for my paper. This post also reflects how people in power look at women as mere objects to play with.    

9. Metcalf, Delaney Jordan. “A Word from a Seminarian … Beth Moore, the Great Goddess: Rushing’s Feminine Archetypes and the ‘Go Home’ Controversy.” Review & Expositor, vol. 119, no. 3–4, Nov. 2022, pp. 205–19. 

EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/00346373231165657.

The Abstract Society employs feminine archetypes to construct rigid standards and expectations for women. The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) uses an interpretation of selected biblical texts to construct the feminine archetype of “the submissive woman,” a tactic not unlike the patriarchal subversion of the Great Goddess myth. The SBC expects women to submit to the authority of men and to teachings that exclude women from holding leadership positions. This article examines the ongoing debate over the role of women within the SBC, using the statements of John MacArthur and Beth Moore as an artifact and exemplar, including a comparison of their competing interpretations of the New Testament figure Phoebe. 

I will use this information to highlight the mindset of the white male of SBC with reference to preaching and why they were against Beth Moore. MacArthur would tell women who embody the true essence of Phoebe, such as he did Moore, to “Go home,” implying the woman’s “role” of housekeeper or mother. This source will help me analyse how gendered expectations and stereotypes shape perceptions of Moore’s leadership and authority within evangelical circles, shedding light on broader issues of gender dynamics and power dynamics in religious communities.

10. https://cfshrc.org/article/religious-limitations-mislabeling-and-positions-of-authority-a-rhetorical-case-for-beth-moore/

This source is important for my research paper because it explores her career and the challenges she faced as a woman in evangelical leadership. I will use this source to highlight the controversies with the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) regarding her views on women in ministry and her response to sexual abuse allegations within the SBC. I will use this information to shed light on Moore’s efforts to assert her authority and leadership despite religious limitations and mislabeling based on her gender.    

11. Bailey, Sarah Pulliam. “Why Women Want Moore: Homespun, Savvy, and with a Relentless Focus on Jesus, Beth Moore Has Become the Most Popular Bible Teacher in America.” Christianity Today, vol. 54, no. 8, Aug. 2010, pp. 20–25. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=rfh&AN=ATLA0001795741&site=eds-live&scope=site.

This article examines Moore’s teaching style and focus on Jesus, and provides insights into Moore’s theological perspective and pedagogical methods. This source will help me offer an analysis of Moore’s effectiveness as a communicator and educator within the evangelical community, highlighting key aspects of her ministry that resonate with her audience. This source will enhance the research paper in understanding Moore’s influence and relevance within contemporary religious contexts.

12. Mrudula Bhavani, and Mrudula Bhavani. “There Is an Absence of Unified Resistance Movements in Kerala: Bindu Ammini to TNM.” The News Minute, 20 Jan. 2022, www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/there-absence-unified-resistance-movements-kerala-bindu-ammini-tnm-160067.

Mrudula Bhavani is a freelance journalist based in Kerala. She reports on state policies with a focus on gender spectrum, law, public health, caste, and environment.

Incorporating the interview with Bindu Ammini published by The News Minute is important for the paper on Bindu Ammini. The interview provides direct insights from Bindu Ammini herself, allowing readers to understand her perspectives, motivations, and experiences firsthand. This adds depth and authenticity to the paper’s discussion of Bindu Ammini’s activism. Incorporating this interview into the paper on Bindu Ammini helps provide a comprehensive understanding of her activism, motivations, and challenges while also offering valuable insights into the broader socio-political context in Kerala.This lends credibility to my paper’s discussion of Bindu Ammini’s activism and strengthens the overall argument. 

13. Supreme Court Observer. “Sabarimala Temple Entry – Supreme Court Observer.” Supreme Court Observer, 24 June 2022, www.scobserver.in/cases/indian-young-lawyers-association-v-state-of-kerala-sabarimala-temple-entry-background.

This is the judgement passed by the Supreme Court in the case of Sabrimala Temple. It will help me understand the reasons and justifications given by the court. The Supreme Court Observer is a legal publication, so it is a credible source of information on the case. The article provides a summary of the case, including the arguments of both sides and the Court’s decision and will be a useful source to add in my paper. 

14. https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cjgl/article/view/9046/4981

VRINDA NARAIN

She is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, McGill University, a Research Fellow at the Research Directorate, University of the Free State, South Africa. I am immensely grateful to Asma Hamam for her research assistance and thoughtful comments. I am also grateful for the financial support of the Caroline Bérubé International  Law  Research  Assistantship  Fund and the  GeraldLeDainFund in  Constitutional and Administrative Law. Finally, I thank the Columbia Journal of Gender and Law for its enthusiasm about publishing this Article and shedding light on an urgent theme. I also thank the editorial team for all their thoughtful comments and their time and effort to help ensure this Article’s publication

This scholarly article published in a reputable academic journal, will help provide a comprehensive overview of the Sabarimala case, including its historical background, key events, and the socio-cultural context in which it unfolded. This is an important resource for understanding and analyzing the Sabarimala controversy within the broader context of Indian constitutional law.

15. Sabarimala: India’s Kerala Paralysed Amid Protests Over Temple Entry, BBCNEWS(Jan. 3, 2019), https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46744142[https://perma.cc/D7VM-LE5Q

BBC News is known for its in-depth reporting and analysis of global events. The article covers the Sabarimala controversy. The people’s reaction and the backlash received by the two women will help readers understand that discrimination against women is still prevalent in India.

 

Grant writing is a crucial process that involves completing an application for financial assistance from institutions like government departments, corporations, foundations, or trusts. Also known as a grant proposal or grant submission, it serves as a formal request for funding to support various projects, programs, or initiatives. Effective grant writing requires careful planning, thorough research, persuasive writing skills, and a clear presentation of the project’s goals, objectives, and expected outcomes. By mastering the art of grant writing, organizations and individuals can increase their chances of securing the necessary resources to bring their visions to life.

The goal of grant writing is to secure funding for your organization through grants, often awarded for a specific project or program. A key part of grant writing basics is the ability to demonstrate your passion for the work of your nonprofit and to share that passion with the grantmaker.

Grantmakers want to know that their funds are making a difference, so it’s important to show them the impact your work will have.

Here are five typical “sections” that are included in most grant proposals.

Organization Background

The organization background section should include your nonprofit’s mission, which should align with your proposed project. It should also include a brief history of your nonprofit and list any accomplishments that may relate to it.

Project Description/Summary

Many grantmakers ask for you to include a brief description or summary of your project. There may be a word or character limit on this section, so make sure to keep it brief.

You will be able to elaborate on the details of your project in the proposal narrative section.

In this section, you may describe the need that your project serves and then expand on it within the project narrative.

Project Narrative

The project narrative section is your chance to demonstrate to the funder that you have thought through all aspects of your project. Within the project narrative, you will break down exactly what activities will take place within your project. Make sure to also include who your project will serve.

This section may also include a timeline for your project and details on the staff involved in it. Including a story can help the grantmaker relate to your project and its intended impact on your community.

Citing data or results from similar projects can also help the grantmaker understand why you see your project as important and necessary.

Budget

The budget may be its own section or may be included within the project narrative. You need to make sure to include all funding sources such as volunteer hours, in-kind donations, sponsorships, and other grants.

Make sure that you have done your research and estimated realistic costs for your project. Keep in mind that you will also have to report your expenses, explain differences from your original budget, and then return any funds that you do not spend.

Intended Results and Evaluation

Results and evaluation have become increasingly important to funders in recent years as they want to make sure they are getting the most “bang for their buck”. Also keep in mind that many grantmakers donate funds because they (or the benefactor that created the fund) want to see an impact on the community they serve. In this section, you must outline clear results that you plan to see from your project. Results could include demographics of program participants, survey results, participant counts, or other data that is applicable to your project.

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