The use of first person narration is a technique used by countless authors in the gothic horror genre. This technique enables the reader to follow and see everything from the narrators perspective which is inherently unreliable. This lack of reliability, especially in The Turn of the Screw, enhances the reader’s confusion over whether or not the governess is delusional or actually seeing apparitions of Quint and Miss Jessel. The governess is consistently informing the reader that she cannot remember specifics regarding certain aspects of the retelling of her experiences. This vaguity regarding her experiences at Bly, amplifies the lack of reliability in the governess which is culminated in chapters 19 and 20 by the acknowledgement that only the governess admittedly sees the ghosts. Children, while not altogether reliable either and constantly suspecte of working in tandem with Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, do not acknowledge their otherworldly presence until, arguably, the final chapter. This final instance should also be questioned as we know the governess to be rather aggressive; passionately hugging the children, clutching Mrs Grose’s arms, etc.. It is entirely possible that Miles’ admission of witnessing the ghost was an effort to protect himself further from the governess’ militant search for answers and validation. By choosing to present the narrative in first person, James provides the reader with a narrow and limited lens through which to view the events of the novel, calling into question the truth of what actually occurs, and the morality of the character within it.
I too found myself contemplating the reliability of first-person narratives. The points you make are strong and extremely valid. In addition to what you already stated, I found it intriguing that the Governess knew so clearly what it was the apparitions desired – given she had never even met the people, nor heard any information about them. Her questionable credibility can even be supported by her initial reaction to the apparitions: ” …I was in these days literally able to find a joy in the extraordinary flight of heroism the occasion demanded of me” p.147. It makes me believe that even if she wasn’t delusional, she simply wanted to be in a role of control and influence – a role women at this time were without. Finally, I just was wondering, do first-person narratives reveal why someone is in possession of knowledge or only the knowledge they have?